相反的，子宮頸抹片檢查在所有種類的癌症篩檢中則具有最好的成本效益。以公共衛生考量來看，子宮頸癌的病程發展通常十分緩慢，長達數年，又具有明顯的危險因子（性接觸），因此有相當高的機會可在癌症仍是早期時篩檢出來，最重要的是，抹片的成本很低，能夠大量推行。基於這些原因，一項癌症篩檢是否應該進行，民眾的健康改善程度和篩檢的成本與治療的風險都必須列入考慮。
Some systemic indicators of cancer are due to hormones or other molecules produced by the tumor, known as paraneoplastic syndromes.
In sporadic cancers, deficiencies in DNA repair are often caused by a mutation within a DNA repair service gene but are a great deal more commonly caused by epigenetic alterations that lower or silence expression of DNA mend genes. This can be indicated inside the determine in the 3rd degree. Numerous reports of weighty metallic-induced carcinogenesis clearly show that these large metals cause a reduction in expression of DNA repair enzymes, some by way of epigenetic mechanisms.
Western conceptions of patients' rights for people with cancer include a obligation to completely disclose the healthcare situation to the person, and the best to engage in shared determination-generating in a method that respects the person's own values. In other cultures, other rights and values are most well-liked. One example is, most African cultures worth entire households as an alternative to individualism. In areas of Africa, a diagnosis is usually manufactured so late that overcome is impossible, and treatment, if readily available in any way, would immediately bankrupt the household. As a result of these aspects, African healthcare providers are inclined to Permit members of the family make a decision regardless of whether, when And just how to reveal the prognosis, and they tend to take action little by little and circuitously, as the person demonstrates desire and an power to cope with the grim information.
許多預防癌症的想法是根據流行病學的研究而來，分析病患的資料可發現生活方式或是接觸一些環境危險因子的確與特定癌症的發生機率相關。越來越多的證據顯示，根據流行病學研究所提出的建議改善，確實可以讓癌症發病率和死亡率降低。
筛查旨在确认尚未出现症状但已具有暗示特定癌症或癌症前期迹象的个体。如在筛查中发现异常，则应进行进一步检测以作出明确诊断，如果证明存在癌症，还应转诊进行治疗。
Though epigenetic alterations are located 癌症 in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, causing decreased expression of DNA repair proteins, could be of certain value.
减少接触室外和室内空气污染，包括氡（一种由铀的自然衰变产生的放射性气体，可能在建筑物中，住宅、学校和工作场所积累）。
确定用于癌症预防和控制的“最合算措施”和其他具有成本效益的重点策略；
如前所述，癌症源于正常细胞转变为肿瘤细胞的多阶段过程，通常从癌前病变发展 到恶性肿瘤。这些变化是一个人的遗传因素与三种外部因素相互作用的结果，外部 因素包括：
Complementary and different cancer solutions are a diverse group of therapies, techniques and products that will not be Portion of typical medicine.[202] "Complementary medicine" refers to methods and substances utilized as well as standard medicine, when "alternate medicine" refers to compounds made use of in place of conventional medicine.[203] Most complementary and alternate medicines for most cancers have not been researched or examined utilizing regular approaches like clinical trials.
第四步——原位癌，受影响的细胞在生长和外观上变得更加不正常。如果肿瘤尚未 突破组织之间的任何界限，则称为原位癌。这种肿瘤可能会无限期地存在；然而， 一些细胞最终可能获得额外的突变（蓝色）。
Deficient expression of DNA restore proteins as a result of an inherited mutation can increase most cancers pitfalls. People with an inherited impairment in almost any of 34 DNA fix genes (see write-up DNA repair-deficiency dysfunction) have elevated cancer threat, with a few defects guaranteeing a 100% life span potential for most cancers (e.
癌症扩散。随着癌症进展，它可能扩散（转移）到身体其他部位。癌症扩散到哪里取决于所患癌症的类型。